Weatherproof Matte Inkjet Sticker PaperRFID intelligent label technology principle and in-depth analysis of advantages

Dec 07, 2022

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Our market economy is developing rapidly, making the commodity circulation market become active day by day. However, because of our legal system is still not perfect, the market is not standard, domestic and foreign illegal elements for profiteering, shoddy, fake and true, have formed a certain fake and fake commodities market. Some high-tech products are also affected by fake and inferior products to varying degrees. This disrupts the social market economy order seriously and hinders the healthy development of our economy. At present, fake and shoddy products are still spreading further, and the quantity and scope are also expanding. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of anti-counterfeiting technology and the formation of anti-counterfeiting industry. This is necessary to develop the socialist market economy, to expand opening-up, to develop foreign trade, to ensure the orderly development of the national economy, and to purify the market and protect the interests of enterprises and consumers. RFID technology, as an advanced automatic identification and data acquisition technology, plays an important role in the current security, logistics, public security management and other aspects, and is expected to become a pioneer in the future security, logistics, public security management and other fields.

I. Overview

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is an automatic identification technology that uses electromagnetic induction, radio waves or microwave for non-contact two-way communication to achieve identification purposes and exchange data. "Communication by Means of Reflected Energy" by Harry Stockman, published in 1948 in the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers Power) laid the theoretical foundation of RFID technology. This kind of technology has appeared since the mid-1980s, and with the maturity of large-scale integrated circuit technology, the size of RFID system has been greatly reduced, so it has entered the stage of practical application. RFID can be classified as short-range wireless communication technology. Compared with other short-range wireless communication technologies such as WLAN, Bluetooth, infrared, ZIGBEE and UWB, the biggest difference lies in the passive working mode of RFID, that is, the use of reflected energy for communication.

1. Working principle of RFID system

The RFID system consists of the following parts: (1) The electronic tag, which is composed of a chip and a tag antenna, communicates with the reader through inductive coupling or electromagnetic backscattering principle. (2) Reader is the device that reads/writes label information. As the terminal of data acquisition, the reader also needs to exchange data with the middleware. (3) Antenna is a device that provides space propagation of radio frequency signals for labels and readers. (4) Middleware is the link between RFID devices and enterprise applications, but also the core of the RFID application system.

The working principle of the RFID system is as follows: the information to be sent by the reader is encoded and loaded on the carrier signal of a certain frequency and sent out through the antenna. The electronic tag entering the working area of the reader receives the pulse signal. The circuit in the chip in the card modulates, decodes and decrypts the signal, and then judges the command request, password and authority. If the command is read, the control logic circuit reads the relevant information from the memory, encrypts, encodes and modulates, and then sends it to the reader through the antenna in the card. The reader then demodulates, decodes and decrypts the received signal and sends it to the central information system for data processing. If the write command is to modify the information, the internal charge pump caused by the control logic increases the working voltage, and provides to erase the contents of the EEP-ROM for rewriting. If the corresponding password and permission are found inconsistent, an error message will be returned. (As shown in Figure 1)

2. Advantages of RFID

Intelligent label is also known as radio frequency identification label, it is a high-tech product in the field of labels, now has played an important role in product packaging, will gradually replace the traditional product label and bar code. Intelligent label is a new brand in the field of label, it has the function of surpassing the traditional label, is the crystallization of high technology such as electronics and computer in label printing. RFID tag is a kind of smart tag. Table 1 compares RFID tags with other contemporanial or early automatic identification technologies such as magnetic cards, IC cards and traditional bar codes.

As can be seen from Table 1, RFID tags have excellent comprehensive performance, and its advantages are mainly reflected in:

① Each RFID tag corresponds to a globally unique ID number. The ID number is written into the memory during the production of RFID tags. Once written, it cannot be modified and is not easy to copy.

(2) RFID tags and RFID readers are transmitted wirelessly, which can identify high speed, moving, and multiple objects. Therefore, the tags can be read multiple times without any mechanical wear, and can be read quickly by the reader in batches.

RFID tag is a large-scale integrated circuit technology designed chip. Such chips are technically difficult and expensive to design and manufacture, creating an insurmountable obstacle for counterfeiters. At the same time, the combination of RFID technology and cryptography technology also increases the cost of counterfeiters from the aspect of software decoding.

(4) The reading of RFID tags has the outstanding characteristics of non-contact, strong adaptability to the environment, multiple labels can be read at the same time, and the reading speed is fast. Therefore, RFID anti-counterfeiting technology can not only be applied to famous tobacco, famous wine and other expensive consumer products, but also can be applied to industry, agriculture, transportation related products.

⑤ A natural advantage of RFID anti-counterfeiting is the combination of logistics anti-counterfeiting. By tracking the product supply chain, combined with distributed database management, the product can be traced to the source.

3. Current development status of RFID technology at home and abroad

RFID technology developed earlier and faster in foreign countries. Especially in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, South Africa are now more mature and advanced RFID system. According to the different classification of operating frequency, RFID tags can be divided into low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), ultra high frequency (UHF) and ultra high frequency (SHF) and other different types. Among them, the low-frequency short-range RFID system is mainly concentrated in 125KHz, 13.56MHz system; High frequency remote RFID system is mainly concentrated in the UHF band (902MHz -- 928MHz)915MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8GHz. The long-range RFID system of UHF band has been well developed in North America. In Europe, active 2.45GHz systems are widely used. 5.8GHz system There are relatively mature active RFID systems in Japan and Europe.

In the RFID technology research is also developing fast, the market cultivation has begun to bear fruit. A typical example is that in the construction of automatic identification system of railway number in China, a long-distance automatic identification system with independent intellectual property rights has been launched. After many years of field operation test, the railway automatic identification system project was put into full construction in 1999. After about two years of construction and trial operation, the railway number automatic identification system project has played a systematic design function, the railway people's dream, and its radiation and penetration into other applications of the role is becoming more and more obvious. In the near distance RFID application, many cities have realized the bus RF card as a pre-paid electronic ticket, pre-paid electronic meal card and other applications. In terms of RFID technology research and product development, China has developed the technical ability and system integration ability to independently develop low frequency, high frequency and microwave RFID electronic tags and readers. The gap between RFID and foreign advanced technology is mainly reflected in the RFID chip technology. In spite of this, in the label chip design and development, the domestic has a number of successful low frequency RFID system label chip market.

Two, the application of RFID technology

Because of its unique advantages, RFID smart tags are widely used in anti-counterfeiting, logistics, public management and other aspects.

1. Application of RFID technology in anti-counterfeiting

① Certificate security. At present, RFID tags can be embedded in the standard passport cover or certificate in the aspects of passport security and electronic wallet, and its chip provides security functions and supports hardware encryption, in line with the international standard of ISO14443. Domestic in this field has formed a considerable scale of application, the promotion and application of the second generation ID card is a typical representative of this aspect.

② Ticket anti-counterfeiting. Some areas urgently need RFID technology, for example, in the train station, subway and tourist attractions and other places with a large number of people, RFID electronic tickets instead of traditional manual tickets to improve efficiency, or in competitions and performances and other ticket volume is relatively large occasions, with RFID technology for anti-counterfeiting tickets. This not only no longer requires manual identification, to achieve the rapid passage of personnel, but also to identify the number of tickets used to prevent tickets from being stolen and handed out for use again, to achieve "number of anti-counterfeiting".

2. Application of RFID technology in railway safety tracking

The traditional railway freight can no longer meet the needs of the development of modern logistics, and must be developed to provide transportation, storage, packaging, distribution, circulation, processing, information processing and other services.

The Railway Transportation Management Information System (TMIS) not only covers all the competent business departments of the railway bureau of the Ministry of Railways, but also covers all the basic stations of the whole road, and is integrated through the railway computer network. It is "the world's most complex and largest railway transportation management system", which can track and manage railway freight vehicles, locomotives, trains and containers. The main stations of the whole road can be managed by computer; To the Ministry of Railways, railway bureau transport scheduling and daily transport plans for computer preparation and management; Covering the whole process of railway transportation and production, it is the core system of railway informatization. It is composed of multiple subsystems, mainly including: Transportation statistical analysis, transportation dispatching management, comprehensive station management, accurate report information management, cargo ticket information management, freight sales and technology planning, large-node truck tracking management, automatic identification system of vehicle number, drug safety tracking system, container tracking management, truck usage fee settlement.

The Automatic Identification of Railway number (ATIS) is an important part of TMIS, and also the most successful application of RFID in China. ATIS can accurately identify running train and vehicle information by installing electronic labels on all locomotives and trucks and placing ground identification equipment in all section stations, marshalling stations, large freight stations and boundary stations, thus establishing a computer automatic reporting and acquisition system of train number, locomotive and truck number, identification, attribute and location information. It can timely and accurately collect train number, train number and arrival and departure information, accelerate the tracking management of trucks, locomotives, trains and containers, meet the needs of TMIS and other management systems for train, vehicle and other basic information, and finally realize the modernization of transportation operation management, networking and resource sharing. ATIS as the source of information of TMIS, its use plays an extremely important role in improving the utilization rate of railway locomotive, vehicle, utilization rate, improving the efficiency of railway transportation and the modernization level of transportation management.

3. Application of RFID technology in public security

The birth of RFID technology is of great significance in the fields of food and medicine related to people's health and life safety. At present, the application of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical industry is mainly reflected in: anti-counterfeiting measures of drugs; Prevent medication errors and irrational drug use; Patient identification and follow-up; Recall of faulty drugs; Tracking documents, test tubes, vials or specimens; Tracking of medical devices and medical equipment.

RFID intelligent labels can help manufacturers and consumers timely understand the inventory, circulation, quality and other conditions, for manufacturers to monitor the status and location of their products in the supply chain plays a great role. For example, many food and medicine packages must be stored and transported at specific temperatures and in low-pollution environments. General labels can not understand and monitor the temperature and properties of products stored, but smart labels can timely monitor the temperature of perishable products sensitive to temperature requirements in the process of product storage and transportation. It relies on special chips, antennas, sensors, etc., to measure the temperature in the process of storage and transportation, warning manufacturers to prevent the impact of temperature changes on products. Check product inventory data to determine product sales status. In addition, the smart label RFID improves the anti-counterfeiting effect of the traditional label, especially in the drug packaging, its anti-counterfeiting function has greatly exceeded the traditional bar code. This effectively ensures public safety.

Three, the current problems facing RFID technology

1. The technology is not mature

RFID is a promising industry, but its promotion needs every step of the following firm and mature: standard formulation, chip design and manufacturing technology, antenna design and manufacturing technology, chip packaging technology, read and write equipment development and production technology, system integration and data management software platform, application system development, production and manufacturing technology. The most promising UHF band is not available for many devices in the market, and RFID signals are easily blocked by objects, presenting technical challenges.

2. High costs

This is the most fatal shortcoming of RFID at present. The production cost of RFID label alone in Japan (printing cost accounts for the main proportion) reaches more than ten yuan, while the unit cost of bar code label is only 0.l yuan. The current global demand for RFID tags is about 10 million a year, and the price will fall to 2 cents only after the demand exceeds 5 billion. An RFID system typically costs about $2.5 million in the U.S., including program implementation, and much more for larger systems, says Christopher Scherzell, president of Tag-istics, Wal-Mart's RFID partner. China Railway Express has been constantly testing the effect of RFID system in recent years, and conducted a small pilot. Finally, it was found that the investment was too big, and as an enterprise, it could not bear this part of investment alone.

3. Inconsistent standards

At present, there are mainly three standards: international standard, European and American EPC standard, and Japanese Ubiquitous ID. Among them, the Auto-ID Center, a non-profit organization initiated by MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, will play an increasingly obvious role in regulating the application of RFID. Based on the research of RFID theory, technology and application, Auto-IDCenter has made the following contributions:

① Put forward the concept of EPC(Electronic Product Code) and its format planning. It lays a foundation for reducing the function design of electronic tag chip, reducing the cost of electronic tag and expanding the application field of RFID.

(2) Put forward the concept and framework of physical Internet, to build a bridge for EPC into the Internet.

3. Inconsistent standards

(2) Put forward the concept and framework of physical Internet, to build a bridge for EPC into the Internet.

(3) An open international public technology research platform for the application of automatic identification technology has been established to promote the standardization of low-cost RFID tags and readers.

However, due to the lack of a common technical standard for RFID, the current technology cannot guarantee that all tags and readers are compatible. Therefore, in a warehouse that wishes to use RFID, more than one reader may be needed to process different tags from different hardware vendors.

4. Security issues

Since RFID is ultimately connected to the Internet, this involves the same so-called security and secrecy issues as credit cards.

5. Privacy issues

RFID can be tracked by tags. After a person buys a bottle of wine, he can know the whereabouts and living habits of the owner by tracking the labels on the bottle.

Four, RFID technology application assumption

Because RFID technology has the function of real-time monitoring and tracking, it can give full play to its advantages in dangerous goods management. For example, in the aspect of guns under national control, RFID technology can be used for management to prevent criminals from endangering public safety. In the process of gun production, RFID tags can be added to each gun, equivalent to giving each gun an ID card, so that it can be monitored and tracked. Also can put the RFID tag into the packaging of toxic goods, as far as possible to avoid personnel contact with it, through the computer to understand its condition, so as to reduce the harm of toxic goods to the human body. RFID technology is also a good choice in library management.

RFID technology as an intelligent high-tech technology with its unique advantages in anti-counterfeiting, logistics, public security management plays an important role. At present, due to the high cost and price, it has not been widely applied, but with the improvement of technology, the cost and price decline, its development potential is huge, the prospect is very attractive.